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Pre-amps boost or amplify the small signal coming out of your cartridge on the tonearm to get the signal up to what is called "line-level". This will fix the very common symptom of having extremely low sound from your turntable. Around 10% of what you might expect. This will occur if you try to hookup an older turntable to a newer amp or receiver that does not have an input on the back that specifically says "phono" near the red and white 'rca' inputs. If you connect a turntable to anything else without a preamp with labels such as AUX , LINE IN, TAPE, CD, VIDEO you will get super low volume until you install the preamp "in series" between the turntable and the amp or receiver as depicted here.
If you have a phono input as depicted below then you won't need a preamp.
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